Industrial Metrology and 3D Digitisation Glossary

The physical sensor, usually equipped with a ruby spherical tip, used by a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) or measuring arm to physically touch the part and record its exact coordinates in space. The condition and calibration of the probe dictate the final accuracy of the equipment.

Learn more: CMM Machines · Measuring Arms · Renishaw

Global and independent standard for coordinate metrology training. AUKOM levels ensure that measurement technicians apply unified methodologies and interpret results in a standardised way, reducing measurement errors in industry.

Advanced continuous measurement technology for CMMs (such as Renishaw systems). It combines the movement of the machine's three mechanical axes (X, Y, Z) with two simultaneous rotary axes on the measuring head itself. It allows for the inspection of ultra-complex geometries at very high speed, reducing machine wear and eliminating production bottlenecks.

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Exact and updated virtual replica of a physical product, generated based on 3D scanning and metrological inspection data. In Industry 4.0, it allows for virtual assemblies, wear simulation, prediction of fitting failures, and design optimisation without the costs of conventional physical tests.

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ISO standard that defines a neutral bidirectional communication language between CAD systems, metrology software (such as Metrolog X4), and measurement equipment (CMMs), ensuring total data interoperability.

Learn more: Metrologic · CMM Machines

The process of capturing the geometry of an existing physical object, typically using a high-precision 3D scanner, to reconstruct a parametric and editable 3D CAD model (reverse engineering software). It is the essential service for reproducing old parts without drawings, repairing damaged dies, or manufacturing aftermarket components.

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Inspection techniques and processes (Non-Destructive Testing) that assess the quality, structural integrity, and characteristics of a part without damaging or altering it. In metrology, X-ray and Industrial Tomography are the NDT methods of excellence for validating internal thicknesses and porosities.

Learn more: Industrial Computed Tomography (CT) · Computed Tomography Service

First Article Inspection. This consists of a rigorous laboratory process for dimensional and geometric validation of the first part produced by a new tool (such as an injection mould). The FAI report certifies that the manufacturing process complies 100% with the CAD drawing tolerances, releasing the matrix for series production.

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An optical metrology technique that determines ultra-precise spatial coordinates from capturing photographs of reference points. When combined with 3D scanning, photogrammetry ensures unwavering volumetric accuracy in the inspection of large parts (such as wind turbine blades or automotive chassis), preventing the accumulation of errors during scanning.

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International system of technical language and symbols used in engineering drawings to precisely describe the allowable geometry and variation of manufactured parts.

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Virtual representation of a 3D surface constructed by the mathematical connection of the vertices of a point cloud, forming millions of small triangles (polygons). It is the standard file format generated by 3D scanners (e.g., .STL or .OBJ), serving as a direct basis for dimensional inspection software or additive manufacturing.

Learn more: 3D Scanners · 3D Printing

Highly intuitive visual report generated by metrology software. The algorithm superimposes the scanned mesh of the real part onto the original nominal CAD model, creating a colour gradient that highlights areas with dimensional deviations (e.g., red spots for excess material, blue spots for lack of material).

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The massive set of three-dimensional data points (XYZ coordinates) captured by the optical sensors or lasers of a 3D Scanner when scanning the surface of a part. It is the raw, high-density result of any optical scanning process.

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Internal structural defects (voids, gas bubbles or material shrinkage) common in the plastic injection and metal casting industries. As these are hidden anomalies within the part, their precise detection requires the use of advanced Industrial Computed Tomography (CT) systems.

Learn more: Industrial Computed Tomography (CT) · Computed Tomography Service

A process of modernising a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) that retains the original mechanical structure (granite) but replaces obsolete electronic controllers, probes, and metrological software with state-of-the-art technology, restoring maximum precision to the equipment.

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Technical measurement of micro-irregularities present on the surface of a part after the machining, polishing or injection process. Laboratory roughness control (which can be facilitated with the application of Plastiform resins) is critical to ensure characteristics such as mechanical friction, sealing properties and the aesthetics of the final product.

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Classic touch-trigger probing technology in CMMs, where the probe moves and touches the part individually to collect a single point at a time. It is a method of inspection diametrically opposed to continuous scanning, and is still widely used to measure singular geometric features, such as hole centres or basic alignments.

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The basic unit of a three-dimensional model obtained by Computed Tomography (CT). Unlike a surface point cloud, the voxel represents the material density throughout the entire volume of the part, which is vital for detecting porosities and internal flaws (NDT).

Learn more: Industrial Computed Tomography (CT)